Snake Venom Extract Serum Capsule Anti-wrinkle Anti-aging, Fullerene Sheep Placenta Intensive Facial Serum, Skin Brightening Hydrating Firming Lifting (2pcs)

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Neuromuscular paralysis leading to respiratory arrest is one of the predominant effects of snakebite envenomings, particularly those caused by species of the family Elapidae, but also by some species of the family Viperidae ( 1, 53). It results from the action of a variety of neurotoxins at the neuromuscular junctions. Post-synaptically acting polypeptides of the three finger toxins (3FTx) family (α-neurotoxins) act by binding with high affinity to the cholinergic nicotinic receptor (AChR) at the motor end-plate of muscle fibers ( 64). Neurotoxicity is also due to the action of PLA 2s at the nerve terminal (β-neurotoxins), by hydrolyzing phospholipids of the plasma membrane, inducing a calcium influx and the consequent alteration of the neurotransmitter exocytotic machinery ( 65). Other types of neurotoxins include the dendrotoxins, present in mamba ( Dendroaspis sp) venom, which are inhibitors of the voltage-dependent potassium channels ( 66). Neurotoxins play a key role in the lethality of snake venoms.

Review discussing Brazilian plant species displaying neutralizing properties against snake envenomation from an ethnopharmacological perspective And then there’s the question of safety; if the serum can penetrate through the skin and paralyse the muscles where it’s applied, then it means it may also be able to travel through the body via the blood supply that delivers nutrients to the muscles and then go on to cause muscle weakness in other areas of the body – and you don’t want that around your heart. Syn-ake hasn’t been independently evaluated by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel but the company that produced it has not reported any toxicity or sensitization issues in its research. However, Syn-ake has anecdotally been known to cause adverse reactions in some users, you should start out by adding the smallest possible concentration of Syn-ake to your skincare regime until you know how it will affect your skin. Administration of the methanolic extracts from Vitis vinifera (Vitaceae) resulted in the reduction of local symptoms produced by D. russelli venom due to the inhibition of the proteolytic and hyaluronidase activities reducing edema, myonecrosis, and hemorrhaging. Ahuja and Brooks ( 13) described an in vitro hemolysis test for assessing the neutralizing potency of cobra antivenom in India, which correlated with the neutralization of lethality. In South Africa, Paul A. Christensen studied several in vitro activities of venoms (hemolysis, rennin-like effect, gelatinase and anticoagulant activities) and their neutralization by antivenoms. He found no correlation between the neutralization of lethality and in vitro hemolysis in the case of Naja flava (now Naja nivea) venom ( 14). As will be described later, no generalizations can be made regarding the possible substitution of in vivo toxicity tests by in vitro assays, owing to the great variability in the composition and action of snake venoms. Enzyme ImmunoassaysFor venoms in which β-neurotoxins predominate, a possible in vitro alternative would be the neutralization of PLA 2 enzymatic activity of the purified predominant neurotoxins. Examples are taipoxin in Oxyuranus scutellatus ( 78), β-bungarotoxins in Bungarus sp. ( 79), and crotoxin in Crotalus durissus ( 26) venoms. In the case of venoms such as those of Bungarus sp. and Micrurus sp., which present both α- and β-neurotoxins, the two assays (AChR binding and PLA 2 activity) can be used. In the cases of venoms, such as those of Dendroaspis sp, rich in other types of neurotoxins, i.e. dendrotoxins ( 80), an as yet unexplored possibility would be the use of patch-clamp methods using oocytes expressing relevant receptors, such as voltage-dependent potassium channels ( 81) in the case of dendrotoxins. These, however, require electrophysiology facilities which are not readily available in antivenom quality control laboratories. Hen’s Eggs as A Model for Testing Venom Toxicity and Neutralization by Antivenoms

The study evaluated the effect of Tamarindus indica seed extract on the pharmacological as well as the enzymatic effects induced by V. russelli venom. Tamarind seed extract inhibited the PLA, protease, hyaluronidase, l-amino acid oxidase and 5’-nucleotidase enzyme activities of venom in a dose-dependent manner. These are the major hydrolytic enzymes responsible for the early effects of envenomation, such as local tissue damage, inflammation and hypotension. The venom of the Temple Viper which Syn-ake is designed to mimic, paralyzes the muscles to weaken their prey. Syn-ake was created to mimic this action by creating a synthetic peptide with the same amino acid sequence as the Waglerin-1 peptide. The Waglerin-1 peptide was identified as the cause of the paralysis in the snake’s venom. By creating a chemically similar structure, the synthetic peptide is able to produce a similar effect. It is thought that the molecule is small enough to penetrate the skin and work on the facial muscles, however, due to how deep these muscles are under the skin, only small amounts of the molecule will get through. This means that Syn-ake’s effects are generally temporary, lasting for about a month and reducing the likelihood of off-target effects.Snake venoms are rich in hydrolytic enzymes. The proteomic analyses of viperid venoms have revealed a predominance of snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs), phospholipases A 2 (PLA 2s) and serine proteinases (SPs), with variations between and within species ( 1). In turn, elapid venoms are generally rich in PLA 2s ( 1). These enzymes are responsible for some of the main pathophysiological effects in envenomings. SVMPs induce hemorrhage and coagulopathies ( 30, 31), PLA 2s are responsible for muscle necrosis and neurotoxicity, depending on the enzyme ( 32, 33), and serine proteinases induce defibrinogenation and hypotension ( 31, 34). Therefore, the study of in vitro activities associated with these enzymes has been pursued and correlated with in vivo toxicity. Three relevant studies: First study was an inventory with 77 species of plants belonging to 41 families used by Colombian healers along with the methods of preparation, administration, and dosage; second study was a list of 74 ethanolic plant extracts used by folk medicinethat were active against lethal effects produced by Bothrops atrox venom; third study showed 31 extracts with moderate or high neutralizing abilities against the hemorrhagic effect of B. atrox venom The researchers concluded: “Finally, these findings would be of importance in the area of drug development with a view to actualizing the substitution or enhancing the effect of conventional snakebite therapeutic options.”